Endnotes
1. DeVos, B., Nielsen, K. M., & Azar, A. M. (2018). Final Report of the Federal Commission on School Safety. Presented to the President of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from: https://www2.ed.gov/documents/school-safety/school-safety-report.pdf
2. Ibid 1.
3. Ibid 1.
4. Gulbrandson, K. (2018). Character education and SEL: What You Should Know. Seattle, WA: Committee for Children. Retrieved from: https://www.cfchildren.org/blog/2018/07/character-education-and-sel-what-you-should-know/
5. Ind. Code Ann. § 20-30-5-6 (2005).
6.Md. Code Ann., Education § 7-306 (2013).
7. Tex. Educ. Code § 28.002 (1995 & Supp. 2019).
8. Horner, R. H., et al. (2009). A randomized, wait-list controlled effectiveness trial assessing school-wide positive behavior support in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 11(3), 133-144.
9. Ibid 8.
10. Stuart-Cassel, V., Bell, A., & Springer, J. F. (2011). Analysis of State Bullying Laws and Policies. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education Retrieved from: https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/bullying/state-bullying-laws/state-bullying-laws.pdf
11. Cullen, D. (2009). Columbine. New York: Twelve.
12. Moore, K. A., et al. (2015). Preventing violence: A Review of Research, Evaluation, Gaps, and Opportunities. San Francisco, CA: Futures Without Violence. Retrieved from: https://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/preventing-violence-a-review-of-research-evaluation-gaps-and-opportunities
13. Ibid 12.
14. Acosta, O. M., Tashman, N. A., Prodente, C., & Proescher, E. (2013). Establishing successful school mental health programs: Guidelines and recommendations. In H. S. Ghuman, M. D. Weist, & R. M. Sarles (Eds.), Providing mental health services to youth where they are: School and community-based approaches (pp. 57-94). New York & London: Brunner-Routledge.
15. S.C. Code Ann. § 59-66-40 (2014).
16. 19 TAC § 129.1045 (2017).
17. Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., Sawyer, M. G., Scales, H., & Cvetkovski, S. (2010). Mental health first aid training for high school teachers: A cluster randomized trial. BMC psychiatry, 10(51). doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-51
18. MCLS § 380.1308b (2018).
19. O.C.G.A. § 20-2-1185 (1994 & Supp. 2018).
20. U.S. Secret Service National Threat Assessment Center. (2019). Protecting America’s Schools: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Targeted School Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Secret Service. Retrieved from: https://www.secretservice.gov/data/protection/ntac/usss-analysis-of-targeted-school-violence.pdf
21. National Association of School Psychologists School Safety and Crisis Response Committee. (2014). Threat Assessment for School Administrators and Crisis Teams. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists. Retrieved from: https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/school-climate-safety-and-crisis/systems-level-prevention/threat-assessment-at-school/threat-assessment-for-school-administrators-and-crisis-teams
22. Va. Code Ann. § 9.1-184 (2019).
23. Rev. Code Wash. (ARCW) § 28A.320.127 (2013 & Supp. 2016).
24. Maryland Safe to Learn Act of 2018 Md. SB 1265 (2018).
25. Exstrom, M. (2019). School Safety: Overview and Legislative tracking. Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/school-safety.aspx
26. James, N., & McCallion, G. (2013). School Resource Officers: Law Enforcement Officers in Schools. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43126.pdf
27. Miller, M. & Jean-Jacques, W. (2016). Is School Policing Racially Discriminatory? Washington, DC: The Century Foundation. Retrieved from: https://tcf.org/content/commentary/school-policing-racially-discriminatory/?session=1&session=1
28. Rev. Code Wash. (ARCW) § 28A.320.124 (2019).
29. School Safety and Student Well-Being 2019 Wa. HB 1216 (2019).
30.Ind. Code Ann. § 20-34-3-23 (2018).
31. R.R.S. Neb. § 79-2,144 (2014 & Supp. 2017).
32. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Safe and Healthy Students. (2013). Guide for Developing High-Quality School Emergency Operations Plans. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from: https://rems.ed.gov/docs/REMS_K-12_Guide_508.pdf
33. Cal Ed Code § 32282 (1985).
34. 1989 Cal AB 450
35. Jonson, C. L. (2017). Preventing school shootings: The effectiveness of safety measures. Victims & Offenders, 12(6), 956-973. doi: 10.1080/15564886.2017.1307293
36. Johnson, S. L., Bottiani, J., Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2018). Surveillance or safekeeping? How school security officer and camera presence influence students’ perceptions of safety, equity, and support. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(6), 732-738. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.008
37. This count includes legislation passed by Kansas in 2019 that has not yet been codified into statute.
38. Ga. Code Ann. § 20-2-1185 (2010).
39. ORS § 336.071 (1995).
40. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 22-32-109.1 (2000).
41.Ky. Rev. Stat. § 158.445 (2018).; Ky. Rev. Stat. § 158.4410 (2019).; Ky. Rev. Stat. § 158.442 (2018).
42. Rygg, L. (2015). School shooting simulations: At what point does preparation become more harmful than helpful? Children’s Legal Rights Journal, 35(3), 215-228.
43. Hamblin, J. (2018, February 28). What Are Active-Shooter Drills Doing to Kids? Washington, DC: The Atlantic. Retrieved July 15, 2019, from: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/02/effects-of-active-shooter/554150/
44. Ibid 35.
45. Chriqui, J., et al. (2019). Using State Policy to Create Healthy Schools: Coverage of the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Framework in State Statutes and Regulations, School Year 2017-18. Bethesda, MD: Child Trends. Retrieved from: https://cms.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/WSCCStatePolicyReportSY2017-18_ChildTrends_January2019.pdf
