Victim-centric approach to financial cybercrime: exploring vulnerabilities in the Indian digital landscape | #cybercrime | #infosec


  • Abubakari Y (2024) The espouse of women in the online romance fraud world: Role of sociocultural experiences and digital technologies. Deviant Behav 45(5):708–735

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Alkhalil Z, Hewage C, Nawaf L, Khan I (2021) Phishing attacks: a recent comprehensive study and a new anatomy. Front Computer Sci 3:563060

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Almutairi, AM, Kang, B, & AL Hashimy, N (2024). Business email compromise: a comprehensive taxonomy for detection and prevention. In Proceedings of the 2024 7th International Conference on Information Science and Systems (pp. 49-54)

  • Ahmad R, Thurasamy R (2022) A systematic literature review of routine activity theory’s applicability in cybercrimes. J Cyber Security Mobil 11(3):405–432


    Google Scholar
     

  • Arkes HR, Blumer C (1985) The psychology of sunk cost. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 35(1):124–140

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Auwal AM, Lazarus S (2025) Experiences of local victims of Yahoo Boys’ socio-economic cybercrimes in Nigeria. Discov Psychol 5(1):161

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bar Lev E, Maha LG, Topliceanu SC (2022) Financial frauds’ victim profiles in developing countries. Front Psychol 13:999053

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bekkers L, Van Houten Y, Spithoven R, Leukfeldt ER (2023) Money mules and cybercrime involvement mechanisms: Exploring the experiences and perceptions of young people in the Netherlands. Deviant Behav 44(9):1368–1385

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Betts LR, Baguley T, Gardner SE, Macaulay PJ, & Metwally SE (2025) Comparative optimism for judgements about online identity theft. Behav Inform Technol, 1-15

  • Bhavana SU, Miriam DDH, Robin CR (2024) Understanding the Implications of SIM Card Swap Fraud in India: a Comprehensive Study. In 2024 International Conference on Communication, Computing and Internet of Things (IC3IoT) (pp. 1-8). IEEE

  • Bishnoi R, Siyag V, Kaur R (2024) The psychological impact of digital arrest on individuals: a new threat to the society. Library Prog-Library Sci Inform Technol Computer, 44(4)

  • Borwell J, Jansen J, & Stol W (2018) Human factors leading to online fraud victimisation: Literature review and exploring the role of personality traits. Psychol Behav Exam Cyber Security, 26-45

  • Borwell J, Jansen J, Stol W (2021) The psychological and financial impact of a novel. Soc Sci Computer Rev 40(4):933–954

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Burton A, Cooper C, Dar A, Mathews L, Tripathi K (2022) Exploring how, why and in what contexts older adults are at risk of financial cybercrime victimisation: a realist review. Exp Gerontol 159:111678

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Button, M, & Cross, C (2017). Cyber frauds, scams and their victims. Routledge, London

  • Button, M, Lazarus, S, Hock, B, Bugbilla Sabia, J, Pandey, D, & Gilmour, P (2025). Factors influencing involvement in cyber-frauds in West Africa and the implications for policy. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 1-23

  • Button M, Nicholls CM, Kerr J, Owen R (2014) Online frauds: Learning from victims why they fall for these scams. Aust NZ J Criminol 47(3):391–408

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cazanis, A, Carminati, JY, Chew, K, Cross, C, Ponsford, J, & Gould, KR (2025). “Falling into a Black Hole”: a Qualitative Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Cyberscam Victim-Survivors and Their Social Support Networks. Victims & Offenders, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2025.2481267

  • Chauhan J (2024) Digital Arrest: an Emerging Cybercrime in India. Issue 6 Int’l JL Mgmt Human, 7:1632


    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen S, Hao M, Ding F, Jiang D, Dong J, Zhang S, Gao C (2023) Exploring the global geography of cybercrime and its driving forces. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 10(1):1–10

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cheng C, Chan L, Chau C-l (2020) Individual differences in susceptibility to cybercrime victimisation and its psychological aftermath. Computers Hum Behav 108:106311

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Christie N (1986) The ideal victim. In From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system (pp. 17-30). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK

  • Cohen LE, & Felson M (1979) Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. American sociological review, 588-608

  • Cross C (2013) ‘Nobody’s holding a gun to your head…’: Examining current discourses surrounding victims of online fraud. In Crime, Justice and Social Democracy: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, 2013, Volume 1 (pp. 25-32). Crime and Justice Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology

  • Cross C (2016) They’re very lonely’: Understanding the fraud victimisation of seniors. Int J Crime, Justice Soc Democracy 5(4):60–75

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cross C (2020) Who is to blame? Exploring accountability in fraud victimisation. J Criminol Res, Policy Pract 6(1):35–48


    Google Scholar
     

  • Cross C, Kelly M (2016) The problem of “white noise”: examining current prevention approaches to online fraud. J Financ Crime 23(4):806–818

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cross C, Richards K, Smith R (2016) Improving responses to online fraud victims: an examination of reporting and support. Final Rep Criminol Res Grant 29:13–14


    Google Scholar
     

  • Datta P, Panda SN, Tanwar S, & Kaushal RK (2020) A technical review report on cyber crimes in India. In 2020 International Conference on Emerging Smart Computing and Informatics (ESCI) (pp. 269–275). IEEE

  • Deevy M, Lucich S, & Beals M (2012) Scams, schemes & swindles. Financial Fraud Research Center, Stanford, USA

  • De Kimpe L, Ponnet K, Walrave M, Snaphaan T, Pauwels L, Hardyns W (2020) Help, I need somebody: Examining the antecedents of social support seeking among cybercrime victims. Computers Hum Behav 108:106310

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Desai S, Dubey A (2012) Caste in 21st century India: competing narratives. Econ political Wkly 46(11):40


    Google Scholar
     

  • Dubey A, Sinha A, Raj A (2024) Navigating the digital divide in India: a comprehensive guide. Humanit Soc Sci Rev 12(2):16–24


    Google Scholar
     

  • Edburg, BF, Umadevi, K, Vidya, M, & Kumar, PR (2024). Role of UPI application usage and mitigation of payment transaction frauds: an empirical study. MDIM Journal of Marketing Research & Practices

  • Evans JSB, Stanovich KE (2013) Dual-process theories of higher cognition: advancing the debate. Perspect Psychol Sci 8(3):223–241

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3). (2023). https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2023_IC3Report.pdf

  • Frederick S (2005) Cognitive reflection and decision making. J Econ Perspect 19(4):25–42

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gan CL, Lee YY, Liew TW (2024) Fishing for phishy messages: predicting phishing susceptibility through the lens of cyber-routine activities theory and heuristic-systematic model. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11(1):1–17

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Glaser BG & Strauss (1967) The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research, 11

  • Gioia DA, Corley KG, Hamilton AL (2013) Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organ Res methods 16(1):15–31

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Goel S (2016) Cyber-crime: a growing threat to Indian banking sector. Int J Sci Technol Manag 5(12):552–559


    Google Scholar
     

  • Golladay K, Holtfreter K (2017) The consequences of identity theft victimisation: an examination of emotional and physical health outcomes. Vict Offenders 12(5):741–760

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gottfredson MR, & Hirschi T (1990) A general theory of crime. In A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press. USA

  • Goyal V (2021) UPI: a technological change or a new way of scam. Indian JL Leg Rsch 2:1


    Google Scholar
     

  • Gupta R (2024) Cybersecurity threats in e-commerce: trends and mitigation strategies. J Adv Manag Stud 1(3):1–10

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Halder D, Jaishankar K (2008) Cyber crimes against women in India: Problems, perspectives and solutions. TMC Acad J 3(1):48–62


    Google Scholar
     

  • Han, B, & Button, M (2025). An Anatomy of ‘Pig Butchering Scams’: Chinese Victims’ and Police Officers’ Perspectives. Deviant Behaviour, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2025.2453821

  • Havers B, Tripathi K, Burton A, McManus S, Cooper C (2024) Cybercrime victimisation among older adults: a probability sample survey in England and Wales. PLoS One 19(12):e0314380

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hawdon J (2021) Cybercrime: victimisation, perpetration, and techniques. Am J Crim Justice 46(6):837–842

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hinduja S, Patchin JW (2008) Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behav 29(2):129–156

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holt TJ, & Bossler AM (2016) Technology and violence. The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence, New Jersey, USA, 588-603

  • Iqbal J, Beigh BM (2017) Cybercrime in India: trends and challenges. Int J Innov Advancement Computer Sci 6(12):187–196


    Google Scholar
     

  • Jadhav YM (2024) Analyzing efficacy and enhancing accessibility: a study of India’s national cybercrime reporting portal in addressing financial cybercrimes. Int J Sci Res Eng Manag (IJSREM) 8(3):1–5


    Google Scholar
     

  • Jain S, Sarkar T, Subbaiyan R (2025) Cryptocurrency’s dark side: uncovering its role in money laundering and illicit transaction. Empir Econ Lett 1(1):174–198. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13620284

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jansen J, Leukfeldt R (2018) Coping with cybercrime victimization: an exploratory study into impact and change. Qualitative Criminol (QC) 6(2):5


    Google Scholar
     

  • Johnson CK (2022) Decision-Making Biases in Cybersecurity: Measuring the Impact of the Sunk Cost Fallacy to Delay Attacker Behaviour. Arizona State University

  • Karagiannopoulos V, Kirby A, Ms SOM, Sugiura L (2021) Cybercrime awareness and victimisation in individuals over 60 years: a Portsmouth case study. Computer Law Security Rev 43:105615

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kahneman D (2003) Maps of bounded rationality: psychology for behavioural economics. Am Econ Rev 93(5):1449–1475

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Khadka K, Ullah AB, Ma W, Marroquin EM, & Alem Y (2023) A survey on the principles of persuasion as a social engineering strategy in phishing. In 2023 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom) (pp. 1631-1638)

  • Kshetri N (2013) Cybercrime and cybersecurity in the global South. Basingstoke, U.K: Palgrave Macmillan: Houndmills

  • Kshetri N (2016) Cybercrime and cybersecurity in India: causes, consequences and implications for the future. Crime, Law Soc Change 66(3):313–338

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kshetri N (2019) Cybercrime and cybersecurity in Africa. J Glob Inf Technol Manag 22(2):77–81


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kumari R, Sharma S (2023) Banking fraud: the surging sham of the modern epoch. Issue 1 Indian JL Leg Rsch 5:1


    Google Scholar
     

  • Kuzior A, Tiutiunyk I, Zielińska A, & Kelemen R (2024) Cybersecurity and cybercrime: Current trends and threats. J Int Stud (2071-8330), 17(2)

  • Langenderfer J, Shimp TA (2001) Consumer vulnerability to scams, swindles, and fraud: a new theory of visceral influences on persuasion. Psychol Mark 18(7):763–783

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lazarus S, Chiang M, Dimitrova RS, Thu TT, & Essien E (2026) What Do We Know About Human Trafficking and Scam Compounds in Southeast Asia (2020–2025)? A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Coercive Deviant Enterprises. Deviant Behavior, 1-33

  • Lazarus S, Hughes M, Button M, & Garba KH (2025) Fraud as legitimate retribution for colonial injustice: neutralization techniques in interviews with police and online romance fraud offenders. Deviant Behavior, 1-22

  • Lazarus S, Tickner P, McGuire MR (2025) Cybercrime against senior citizens: Exploring ageism, ideal victimhood, and the pivotal role of socioeconomics. Security J 38(1):1–23

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lea SE, Fischer P, & Evans KM (2009) The psychology of scams: prrovoking and committing errors of judgement

  • Lee CS (2021) Online fraud victimisation in China: a case study of Baidu Tieba. Vict Offenders 16(3):343–362

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Leukfeldt ER, Yar M (2016) Applying routine activity theory to cybercrime: a theoretical and empirical analysis. Deviant Behav 37(3):263–280

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Levi M (2017) Assessing the trends, scale and nature of economic cybercrimes: overview and Issues: In Cybercrimes, cybercriminals and their policing, in crime, law and social change. Crime, Law Soc change 67(1):3–20

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Levi M, Doig A, Gundur R, Wall D, & Williams ML (2016) The implications of economic cybercrime for policing, Research report, City of London Corporation, Cardiff University, UK

  • Li P, Li Q, Du S (2024) Does digital literacy help residents avoid becoming victims of frauds? Empirical evidence based on a survey of residents in six provinces of east China. Int Rev Econ Financ 91:364–377

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lie LB (2024) Legal protection for victims of business email compromise crimes. LEGAL BRIEF 13(5):1194–1201

    MathSciNet 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Loggen J, Moneva A, Leukfeldt R (2024) A systematic narrative review of pathways into, desistance from, and risk factors of financial-economic cyber-enabled crime. Computer Law Security Rev 52:105858

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Maimon D, Howell CJ, Perkins RC, Muniz CN, Berenblum T (2023) A routine activities approach to evidence-based risk assessment: findings from two simulated phishing attacks. Soc Sci Computer Rev 41(1):286–304

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Maras MH, Ives ER (2024) Deconstructing a form of hybrid investment fraud: Examining ‘pig butchering’in the united states. J Econ Criminol 5:100066

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Maskall P (2017) Risk and Digital Security: the perception versus reality and the cognitive biases of online protection. In International Conference on Economic Sciences and Business Administration (Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 280-287). Spiru Haret University

  • Mason KA, Benson ML (1996) The effect of social support on fraud victims’ reporting behaviour: a research note. Justice Q 13(3):511–524

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Meit Y (2024) https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2024/06/2bf1f0e9f04e6fb4f8fef35e82c42aa5.pdf

  • Milhorn HT (2007) Cybercrime: How to avoid becoming a victim. Universal-Publishers

  • Modic D, Anderson R (2015) It’s all over but the crying: the emotional and financial impact of Internet fraud. IEEE Security Priv 13(5):99–103. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2015.107

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Morgan, S (2024, June). The past, present, and future of cybercrime. Cybercrime Magazine. https://cybersecurityventures.com/cybercrime-future/

  • Naik AR (2024) Safeguarding India’s Financial Infrastructure: Strategies and Techniques for Cybersecurity Risk Mitigation

  • Nataraj-Hansen S (2024) More intelligent, less emotive and more greedy”: Hierarchies of blame in online fraud. Int J Law, Crime Justice 76: 100652

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • National Payment Corporation of India. (2025). UPI product statistics. Retrieved September 20, 2025, from https://www.npci.org.in/what-we-do/upi/product-statistics

  • Neprash HT, McGlave CC, Cross DA, Virnig BA, Puskarich MA, Huling JD, & Nikpay SS (2022, December). Trends in ransomware attacks on US hospitals, clinics, and other health care delivery organizations, 2016-2021. In JAMA Health Forum (Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. e224873-e224873). American Medical Association

  • Ngo FT, Paternoster R (2011) Cybercrime victimisation: an examination of individual and situational level factors. Int J Cyber Criminol 5(1):773


    Google Scholar
     

  • Norris G, Brookes A, Dowell D (2019) The psychology of internet fraud victimisation: a systematic review. J Police Crim Psychol 34(3):231–245

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nzeakor OF, Asemota RO, & Alu EA (2023) An empirical study of socio-demographic factors of cybercrime victimisation experiences of internet users in Abia State, Nigeria. Benue Journal of Sociology, 10(2). https://www.bsum.edu.ng/journals/jsoc/vol10n2/article1.php

  • Oksanen A, Keipi T (2013) Young people as victims of crime on the internet: a population-based study in Finland. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud 8(4):298–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2012.752119

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Onwuadiamu, G (2025). Cybercrime in criminology; a systematic review of criminological theories, methods, and concepts. J Econ Criminol 100136

  • Owen M, Flowerday SV, van der Schyff K (2024) Optimism bias in susceptibility to phishing attacks: an empirical study. Inf Computer Security 32(5):656–675

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Padyab M, Padyab A, Rostami A, Ghazinour M (2024) Cybercrime in Nordic countries: a scoping review on demographic, socioeconomic, and technological determinants. SN Soc Sci 4(11):205

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Parti K (2022) “Elder scam” risk profiles: Individual and situational factors of younger and older age groups’ fraud victimisation, Virginia Tech., USA

  • Partin RD, Meldrum RC, Lehmann PS, Back S, Trucco EM (2022) Low self-control and cybercrime victimisation: an examination of indirect effects through risky online behaviour. Crime Delinquency 68(13-14):2476–2502

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Paullet K, & Pinchot J (2012) Cybercrime: the unintentional effects of oversharing information on Facebook. In Proceedings of the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research ISSN (Vol. 2167, p. 1508)

  • Pratt TC, Holtfreter K, Reisig MD (2010) Routine online activity and internet fraud targeting: Extending the generality of routine activity theory. J Res crime delinquency 47(3):267–296

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Press Trust of India. (2025, August). India tops global malware attack chart as AI drives ransomware surge: Report. NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-tops-global-malware-attack-chart-as-ai-drives-ransomware-surge-report-9139860

  • Schreck CJ (1999) Criminal victimization and low self-control: an extension and test of a general theory of crime. Justice Q 16(3):633–654

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sethy M (2025) Youth unemployment: bridging the gap between potential and opportunity for sustainable progress. South Asian J Soc Stud Econ 22(6):21–33

    Article 
    MathSciNet 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shah AK, Oppenheimer DM (2008) Heuristics made easy: an effort-reduction framework. Psychol Bull 134(2):207

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shang Y, Wu Z, Du X, Jiang Y, Ma B, Chi M (2022) The psychology of the internet fraud victimisation of older adults: a systematic review. Front Psychol 13:912242

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sharma J, & Jain A (2025) Cybersecurity and crime in Industry 4.0: an analysis of legal aspects of cybercrime. In G Kaur, T Choudhury, & S Balamurugan (Eds.), The techno-legal dynamics of cyber crimes in Industry 5.0 (pp. 19–42). Wiley

  • Sharma V, Manocha T, Garg S, Sharma S, Garg A, & Sharma R (2023) Growth of cyber-crimes in Society 4.0. In 2023 3rd International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM) (pp. 1–6). IEEE

  • Sikra J, Renaud KV, Thomas DR (2023) UK cybercrime, victims and reporting: a systematic review. Commonw Cybercrime J 1(1):28–59


    Google Scholar
     

  • Singh KP, Sharma J (2025) Legislative trends: Strengthening e-Rupee against financial cybercrime through a human-centric approach. Eur Econ Lett 15(2):2716–2729. https://doi.org/10.52783/eel.v15i2.3117

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sirohi N, Misra G (2024) Vulnerability of individuals to economic crime and the role of financial literacy in its prevention: Evidence from India. Crime, Law Soc Change 82(1):165–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-024-10138-w

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Soares AB, Lazarus S (2024) Examining fifty cases of convicted online romance fraud offenders. Crim justice Stud 37(4):328–351

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Soares AB, Lazarus S, & Button M (2025) Love, lies, and larceny: One hundred convicted case files of cybercriminals with eighty involving online romance fraud. Deviant Behavior, 1-24

  • Sombatruang N, Sasse MA, & Baddeley M (2016) Why do people use unsecure public Wi-Fi? An investigation of behaviour and factors driving decisions. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Socio-Technical Aspects in Security and Trust (pp. 61-72)

  • Soundenkar S, Bhosale K, Jakhete MD, Kadam K, Chowdary VGR, & Durga HK (2024) AI Powered Risk Management: addressing Cybersecurity Threats in Financial Systems. Library Progress-Library Sci Inform Technol Computer, 44(3)

  • Sur A, DeLiema M, & Brown E (2021) Contextual and social predictors of scam susceptibility and fraud victimization. Available at SSRN 4053903

  • Sviatun O, Goncharuk O, Roman C, Kuzmenko O, Kozych IV (2021) Combating cybercrime: economic and legal aspects. WSEAS Trans Bus Econ 18:751–762

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Swain SC (2021) Cybersecurity Threats and Technology Adoption in the Indian Banking Sector: a Study of Retail Banking Customers of Bhubaneswar. In Strategies for e-Service, e-Governance, and Cybersecurity (pp. 51-65). Apple Academic Press

  • The Economic Times (2025) Scam alert: Hackers are using QR codes to steal your data. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/scam-alert-hackers-are-using-qr-codes-to-steal-your-data/articleshow/118090863.cms?from=mdr

  • Tripathi K, Robertson S, Cooper C (2019) A brief report on older people’s experience of cybercrime victimisation in Mumbai, India. J Elder Abus Negl 31(4-5):437–447

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang B (2023) The impact of anchoring bias on financial decision-making: exploring cognitive biases in decision-making processes. Stud Psychol Sci 1(2):41–50

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Whitty MT (2018) Do you love me? Psychological characteristics of romance scam victims. Cyberpsychol Behav, Soc Netw 21(2):105–109

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Whitty MT (2018) Predicting susceptibility to cyber-fraud victimhood. J Financ Crime 26(1):277–292

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Whitty MT, Buchanan T (2016) The online dating romance scam: The psychological impact on victims–both financial and non-financial. Criminol Crim Justice 16(2):176–194

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yar M (2005) The Novelty of ‘Cybercrime’ An Assessment in Light of Routine Activity Theory. Eur J Criminol 2(4):407–427

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yar M, & Steinmetz KF (2023) Cybercrime and society, Sage Publications, USA

  • Yeboah-Boateng EO, Amanor PM (2014) Phishing, SMiShing & Vishing: an assessment of threats against mobile devices. J Emerg Trends Comput Inf Sci 5(4):297–307


    Google Scholar
     

  • Yoganandham G (2024) The contemporary cybercrime economy in India’s banking and financial sector: Threats, strategies, and implications for economic development and customer relationships—an assessment. Int J Law Manag 66(3):245–260. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-01-2024-0019

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang Z, Ye Z (2022) The role of social-psychological factors of vicinity on victimisation of online fraud in China. Front Psychol 13:1030670

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhao G, Cheong TS, Tung B, Siu YW (2023) The characteristics of the financially vulnerable groups impacted by COVID-19 and other factors. Sustainability 15(10):8163

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     



  • Click Here For The Original Source.

    ——————————————————–

    ..........

    .

    .